Summary / Solution
The following command and Alexandr_Drobyshevsk’s post resolved the issue for me:
sudo apt purge fonts-katex
Details
Yesterday, I updated Kubuntu on my AMD Ryzen 2200G system. After the update finished, I saw an icon prompting a system reboot. I clicked it, but a crash error appeared and the system wouldn’t reboot. I tried to open Konsole to restart via command line, but it crashed too.
Shortly after, the system became completely unresponsive. I performed a hard reboot using the Magic SysRq key sequence (r,e,i,s,u,b).
After rebooting, the Kubuntu login screen appeared and I logged in. The desktop wallpaper and clock widget showed up for a second, but then the left side of the screen turned green and the right side went black. Only the mouse cursor was visible and responsive.
Assuming it was a graphics driver issue, I gave up on the AMD machine for the moment and switched to another Kubuntu system with an Intel 5500U CPU.
On the Intel system, I downloaded and installed a .deb package for Google Chrome to get some work done. Right after the installation, I saw the same icon prompting a system reboot. After that, almost the same issue occurred. However, this time, the entire screen goes black.
While searching for a solution, I found the KDE forum post linked above. I opened a TTY using Ctrl+Alt+F3, ran sudo apt purge fonts-katex, and rebooted.
The issue on my Intel Kubuntu system appears to be fixed now. I will try the same solution on the AMD system later.