What’s the purpose of (virtual?) X-KMail-* headers that are shows in sent messages, but absent in the actual delivered mail?
I do not see them at the receiving side and have no reason to believe that SMTP server strips them on its own. However pressing v on any sent message shows the following:
Those are headers that KMail uses locally to track the identity and transport used to send the email, and I believe they are only added once the email is sent out (the email is sent without those headers, your SMTP server is not stripping anything).
They are useful when you use “Send Again” or “Reply” actions so that KMail can re-use the same sending identity and transport.